Amid a 15-year drought, regional ski areas and water districts are continuing to invest in cloud seeding to augment snowpack.
The weather modification technology attempts to coax more snowfall from winter storms by injecting silver iodide into the cloud from ground-based generators.
Telluride and Purgatory ski areas contribute funds for regional cloud seeding programs, and so do the Dolores Water Conservation District, Animas-La Plata and Southwestern Water Conservancy districts.
During a meeting Wednesday at the DWCD office in Cortez, an update was given on the regional cloud-seeding program and ground-breaking research recently completed on the technology in Wyoming.
“Interest in cloud seeding has grown, and funding has grown,” said Bruce Whitehead, executive director for SWCD.
Western Weather Consultants provides cloud-seeding services for three programs in the San Juan Mountains including over the Upper Dolores, La Plata, and Animas River basins.
From November to April last winter, 25 of cloud-ice nuclei generators dispersed silver iodide into storm clouds for a total of 875 hours, at a cost of $105,678.
The units are in the vicinity of Cortez, Dolores, Mancos, Mesa Verde, La Plata Mountains, Stoner, West Fork, Groundhog, House Creek, Placerville, Cahone, Lone Cone, Disappointment, Hesperus, Electra Lake, Bayfield, near Purgatory, on the Florida River and elsewhere.
When dispersed in optimum storm conditions, the silver iodide enhances the formation of ice crystals in clouds, forcing more snowfall, said Mike Hjermstad, a technician with Western Weather Consultants, based in Durango.
“The generators are turned on manually, and when the conditions are right, it can increase snow accumulation from a storm by a half inch,” he said.
His company is experimenting with generators that could be turned on and off remotely from a computer.
The manual units currently require a nearby resident to turn them on and off when directed. Automated units would allow them to be placed at higher elevations, nearer to the cloud where they are more effective.
“Remote control would allow us to turn them off during lulls in the storm,” Hjermstad said, and higher placement reduces inversion impacts.
Installing a radiometer weather station is also an effective tool for cloud seeding, he said, but they are expensive and are not used locally. The stations accurately detect moisture levels in a storm, allowing operators to better decide when to best release the silver iodide. Generators that disperse propane are also used in cloud seeding, and work better at higher temperatures, ideal for local ski areas looking to boost snow in November.
It was noted at the meeting that cloud-seeding skeptics question whether it actually works because it’s difficult to verify increased snowfall came from cloud seeding or was natural.
Proponents point to experiments that show areas with cloud seeding had more precipitation compared with control areas that did not get the treatment.
“Detection of very minute levels of silver iodide in the snowpack is also a proof,” Hjermstad said.
Joe Busto, a cloud-seeding permit manager for the Colorado Water Conservation Board, said the environmental impacts of the silver iodide on snowpack is “very low and measured in parts per trillion above background levels.”
He said research shows “strong suggestions of positive cloud seeding effects in winter glaciogenic systems occurring over mountainous terrain.”
Rising costs of new technology such as radiometers, automation, and more snotels is a concern, said Ken Curtis, an engineer for DWCD.
“The funders need to have consensus on where the program is going, if it will be enhanced or stay static,” he said.
Barry Lawrence, of the Wyoming Water Development Office, gave a presentation on a recent groundbreaking cloud-seeding study that showed good results.
The 10-year study cost $15 million and was funded by the Wyoming legislature.
The elaborate experiment positioned remote-control seeding stations in the Wind River Range and in the Medicine Bow Range.
When winter storm conditions were ideal for seeding in both ranges, only the stations in one range were triggered on. The range without cloud seeding was the control, and then snowpack from both ranges was compared for that storm. Control ranges were alternated throughout the experiment.
Despite some cross contamination in the controls, additional modeling and statistical analyses showed cloud-seeded ranges overall benefited from additional snowfall, Lawrence said.
“Our independent evaluator, the National Center for Atmospheric Science in Boulder, concluded cloud seeding from the experiment resulted in 5-15 percent in additional precipitation,” he said.
Encouraged by the results, the Wyoming legislature recently approved $1.5 million to install operational cloud-seeding stations in the Medicine Bow mountain range and others.
