NEW YORK – Big Oil’s big payday has finally arrived. The question now is how to spend the extra cash.

Investors will be reading the third-quarter tea leaves to discern whether executives plan to boost dividends and buybacks, hike spending on shiny new mega projects, or perhaps do both.

What they do know is that fresh sources of oil and gas are needed over coming decades to meet the world’s insatiable demand for energy. Spending too much would defy the new-found commitment to financial discipline, while spending too little could choke new supplies and raise crude prices. Higher prices, in turn, may brighten the appeal of green technologies that would hasten the industry’s demise.

“We’ve certainly seen more discipline in the oil patch than we really ever have,” said Burns McKinney, a Dallas-based portfolio manager who oversees $13 billion at Allianz Global Investors. “Management are more wary about which projects they take on. But discipline never lasts forever.”

Oil companies need to develop the equivalent of 670 billion barrels of crude – about seven times ExxonMobil’s total worldwide holdings – by 2040, largely to offset dwindling output from older fields, according to the International Energy Agency. The financial costs will be enormous.

The good news is that Big Oil has plenty of cash to invest. The industry will generate $175 billion in free cash flow this year, about as much as it did over the previous five years combined, according to consultant Rystad Energy.

Third-quarter earnings will be about 45 percent higher than a year earlier and the most since 2014, according to Morgan Stanley.

That mimics the 45 percent year-on-year rise in international oil prices to a third-quarter average of $75.84 a barrel.

The bad news is oil companies have a history of over-spending on ambitious projects and acquisitions during boom times only to see returns crushed when the commodity cycle turns.

For examples, look no further than Exxon’s $16 billion investment in Canadian oil sands over the past decade and Chevron Corp.’s Gorgon liquefied natural gas operation in Australia, where costs swelled by almost half to $54 billion.

There are signs it may be different this time. Both U.S. supermajors replaced long-time CEOs since the 2014-2016 downturn, appointing former refining chiefs who oversaw penny-pinching business units. Spending on oil production is down 37 percent globally over the past four years, according to Wood Mackenzie.

For now, the sector is out of favor. The weighting of energy stocks in the S&P 500 Index is below 6 percent, less than half what it was a decade ago.

“Valuations remain well below previous historic norms,” Gordon Gray, a London-based analyst at HSBC Holdings, wrote in an Oct. 17 note. “Consistency of improved cash generation and of capital discipline” is needed to win over investors.

Here’s what to look for in the earnings reports of the five biggest international oil companies:

Total (reported Friday)The key figure will be its 2018 production growth target, which was previously pegged at 7 percent. Startup dates for key projects such as Egina and Tempa Rossa.

BP (report due Tuesday)Details on asset sales of about $6 billion to fund new buybacks. The British company has pledged to retain capital discipline, though it recently raised its long-term internal price deck to $60 to $65 per barrel.

Royal Dutch Shell (Thursday)Chief Executive Officer Ben van Beurden’s commitment to a capital budget of $25 billion to $30 billion will be closely watched. Whether he sanctions the expansion of its Sakhalin LNG facility in Russia or its Baltic LNG project.

ExxonMobil (Friday, Nov. 2)The company is looking to bounce back from dismal second-quarter performance that Senior Vice President Neil Chapman called “a low point.” Commentary on how to boost short-term performance before major projects

Chevron (Friday, Nov. 2)The $3 billion in annual buybacks announced in July was made with “a bit of conservatism,” CFO Pat Yarrington said at the time, so investors will look for any signs of a hike. Permian output was up 50 percent year-on-year in the second quarter, but can that continue with shortages of pipelines, roads, power and labor?